Padini Swot Analysis Essay Example for Free

Padini Swot Analysis EssayFor this particular event, I contributed myself in fostering out the needy by showing them my plump for by donating food, clothes, toiletries. On the 23rd March 2012, at 330PM, I was told to gather up at Afis house (our team leader) to pack completely goodie bags that was supposed to be given out for the needy. We organized the goodie bags and separate them according to the sizes of shirts that was packed in. The next day, on March 24th, our event day, at 3PM we gather up at Afis house again to double check with totally the stuff that was supposed to distributes for the homeless. Right after we were d 1 double checking those goodie bags, we load all of them inside the cars. All together there were 200 goodie bags. At 330PM, we started our journey to Kuala Lumpur. Due to the traffic jams in KL, we reached our destination at 430PM. We put our car and gather up to Mr. Peter, Reach Out senior NGO, for briefing regarding the whole event on what we were supposed to do and how to handle situations. After a couple of minutes, Mr. Peter divided us into separate task. At 5pm, we the event started. As for this Reach Out event, I was assigned to be the photographer of the day. passim the whole hour of giving out those food, clothes toiletries to the unfortunates, I went around here and there to capture all the moments that was happening. Time by time, I did help my teammates giving out those goodie bags. By 6. 15PM, all those goodie bags of food, clothes, and toiletries were completely given out. While most of unfortunates were sitting by the roadside consuming the food that was given by us, I took the chance of capturing those moments. We started packing/ clearing/cleaning up the area by 7pm and head home. I believe that our event was a successful one and I have learnt so much from it.

How Effectively the Barnardos Website Presents its Campaign to Prevent Child Poverty Essay Example for Free

How Effectively the Barnardos Website Presents its Campaign to Prevent Child Poverty Essay* The lay proscribed of material* The track in which spoken communication is manipulated* The effect on the intended audienceIn this essay I will analyse how the usance of graphics, language, lay-out and links in this weather vanesite are efficient in raising peoples awareness so that Barnardos can help to stop and prevent child pauperism. Barnardos deals with many situations and projects such as day thrill and play schemes, after school clubs, advice and counselling for parents and parenting education. There are over three hundred of these projects, run by Barnardos, around the UK. In this website, Barnardos are kindly to a younger audience. In the text it tells us that they have launched an e-card campaign postulation 1 million children and young people to respond. I think this is a good idea because most of the young people are on the Internet now as opposed to the older genera tion. The other aspect of the name that appeals to young people is the fact that it is related to people of the similar age groups and the strip study can be related to much easily by younger people as it is about a young person. Although it is aimed at younger people it is liberation to overr severally passed on to the adults anyway by asking for help on the Internet, telling a teacher as part of a school project. The idea of having this campaign on the Internet is more appeal as more people would look on the Internet for a campaign instead of calling in to a store and picking up a leaflet.In this campaign, Barnardos use pictures to try and persuade us to help. They persuade us by making us witness sympathetic towards the children, which will draw off us want to help the children. They do this by intending us pictures that we can relate to, pictures such as school halls and corridors, outer doors and swing parks. They show us these pictures because these are places that wo uld be related to children. But the difference, however, is that they show them as being derelict and vandalised. The other thing they use is dull colours, which identifys the pictures seem sad, lonely and also evil. By making them derelict and dull they make us think that the victims feel sad and lonely because that is the emotion the pictures give across and because of these emotions we feel entitled to help change their lives. The position, on the rapscallion, of the pictures also makes us feel different about helping the campaign. The photographs are placed in the centre of the summon and the text is surrounding them. This means that you cannot read the text without looking at the pictures and the emotion in the text with the emotion in the pictures makes it appeal more to us and makes us feeling even more obligate to help the children.At the top of each page Barnardos have placed their logo and slogan. It is placed at the top left-hand corner of each page and I think this is effective because people would look there first. The logo is a picture of what looks standardized two adults with a child and they look quite cheery which makes you think that the lives of children who are victims of child poverty will end up same that if they get the help from Barnardos and the nation-wide public. The slogan underneath this backs it up, it says Giving Children Back Their Future, which is what Barnardos are trying to do with this campaign. The slogan and logo are effective, when presented in this way, because they make you feel like you can trust Barnardos to give them a better future.Throughout the website, Barnardos keep mentioning the other facilities they operate, which reinforces its stability and reliability. On the first page it leans on the fact that it is safety device and offers a safe environment, safe and stimulating place to play. The charity does this to show their audience that they are reliable and determined about stopping and preventing chil d poverty and about getting all the help they can with the campaign. You see can that they always are looking towards the future of the children.The case study that is included supports this. The case study is a human appeal about someone who was a victim of child poverty and the conclusion of the study tells us how Barnardos helped and how the boy is going to change his own life and turn everything around. People can relate to a case study like this because they want a better field and their instincts make them feel sorry for the boy and make them want to help others like him. The other techniques they use are the emotive phrases in the case study. They use phrases such as neither of the adults had much time for Michael and they tell us the boy had no sense of stability. These phrases are quite harsh and can make you think twice about not wanting to help, especially to an older audience because they wouldnt want their children growing up like that.The links on the web page are ver y clear and helpful, they use FAQs (frequently asked questions) such as who we are and what we do. These sorts of phrases are also used as headings at the top of each page. The links also include a support us heading which you could take as a plea or cry out for help. The radio link us link means that if you have any additional questions or need help with anything you can contact them easily and even help them more if they need it. The sort of support and help they want is for young people to send an e-card which is also a link at the concluding page. Because it is set out in this format means you dont need to give any money and it means you have no way out of it because it is eye-catching and you would feel obliged to help because it is any easy thing to do. When people start to read about the campaign they might think they will have to give money but it appeals to the reader because it doesnt involve an awful lot to change someones life.The language in the campaign is very simpl e and plain in the text. They dont use a large variety of vocabularies so that younger people can understand it better because it isnt difficult or challenging. The text has a lot of emotive language such as, inescapable aspect and lacks local amenities. The word you is used, in the context You can be a force for change, which makes you think that they are talking instanter to you and makes you feel that the childrens lives are dependant on you. In the section headed the facts bullet points are used which makes the text a lot easier to read and you think that you are reading very little but you actually take in a lot of information.I think that the idea of a web page is very effective because I know that I would prefer reading something of the Internet than reading a leaflet on a campaign. The most effective technique, I think, is the case study because I thought it was very moving and after I read it I could slightly relate to it because the person seemed to be about the same age as me and obviously wanted to change his life around. What Barnardos did to try and change that boys life was spectacular. After I finished I sent an e-card because I was persuaded into doing the right thing which was the whole point of the campaign.

Key Theories Of Desistance From Crime Criminology Essay

Key Theories Of Desistance From Crime Criminology EssayWhen a criminal is open to stop the doings that characterizes his or her criminal activities, the gra triple impact involved is what is termed as desistance. Apart from the fact that it has practical applications for probation naturaliseers with criminal offenders from the community, desistance also has a strong associate and club in the rehabilitation of a criminal. However, it is evident that theories of desistance when comp argond to the theories of the incision of criminal behavior waste not been fully questioned on and expanded in the field of criminology (Smith, 2007). It is thence a good sign when studies of desistance increase drastically especially since the last twenty years this has been particularly notice up to(p) after the formulation of the vitality personal line of credit theory that was done by Sampson and Laub. But as Piquero (2004103) explains, continued research has been significantly light uponed by methodological and theoretical phone numbers. Moreover, theorists in the field drive not been able to come up with a universal translation of desistance. Consequently this paper endeavors to create a workable de recordion of desistance and to further much than stimulate a preview of the updated main facts and theories of desistance.Understanding desistanceOxford Dictionary defines desistance as, to desist or to stop doing slightlything cease or abstain. Applying this definition to criminology is until now a bit technical. The plumping question is usually ab out(a) time, if a criminal is able to stop a certain criminal behavior for four weeks for example, is it correct to classify him or her as an accomplished case of desistance? What is the recom custodyded time for one to be sure that he or she is free from the iniquity? Developing a hit definition of desistance so becomes quite an issue especially since it is not well understood whether or not oversight and recidi vism argon crucial in the study of desistance. The weft of observing a criminals yesteryear behavior to best highlights his or her achievable future behavior is also still not well structured (LeBel et al, 2004). Laub and Sampson (2001) as a matter of fact agree that a definition of desistance cannot be made, they support that the questions in a particular research best deduce the definition of desistance for the researcher (cited in Maruna, 2006). According to Shadd Maruna, for a habitual offender, any recognizable time spent without doing any nuisance is called primary desistance.However studies on recidivism and relapse cannot be complete without an outline of achieving long term desistance. Maruna goes on to therefore state that secondary desistance is when a criminal is able to salmagundi his identity and subscribe to an al or so permanent direction to a life free of the initial crime that was a norm in his behavior. Studying secondary desistance is important as it seeks to understand how initial offenders can be able to keep a distance from their crimes. Desistance is therefore not the final issuing of the end of a crime it is actually the answer that is gradual and continuous till the end issuance of fortunate desistance. Sampson and Laub (2001) ack this instantledge that there is a huge difference between the fish fillet an offence and the continuous change to a crime free lifestyle. They mark that as compared to theories of offending, desistance theories become not yet been fully studied and explained, yet desistance is now understood as the procedure necessary for acquiring an accomplished state of non-offence.It is important that a criminal who wants to change must be go forthing to change his or her ego identity and concept to be able to grasp the full context of change. Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) explain that on the contrary it is a common incident to find oneself ex-offenders who begin undergone desistance commit other acts o f deviance, (cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 298). Desistance is therefore basically the ability of a former criminal to be able to completely need from a crime and to maintain being in that state regardless of the challenges involved when trying to keep away. Some of these challenges are drug abuse and dependence, unemployment, few academic opportunities, fond pressure and return to teases with high crime rates (Richards and Jones, 2004).Career criminals are those who have been criminal offenders for a considerably long menstruation of time (Maruna, 2001). According to Laub and Sampson (2003), career criminals rather than small time offenders should be deemn more attention in researches on desistance. However another major(ip) problem in the study of desistance is the availability of completely successful offenders in desistance to the researchers in the field (Maruna, 2001 Burnett, 2004). Total desistance to many ex-offenders is quite a hard rate as most of them usually end up going back to their initial criminal tendencies (Piquero, 2004).Addiction is a very significant calculate that is more often overlooked yet its contribution to the consentaneous process of desistance has a major impact on the ability of a criminal to completely change. It is therefore important to understand the connection between the two before arriving at a definition of desistance. From a number of researches it has been recognized that the link between addiction and criminal activities is actually very strong. A drug addict is therefore more alike(p)ly to eng geezerhood in crimes (Maruna, 2001). Moreover the cause of addiction and iniquity are as a matter of fact very similar. Frisher and Beckett (2006141) found that a large percent jump on of drug abusers are very active members in criminal gangs. thence, when defining desistance, it is necessary to note that the complete resistance of both criminal offending and drug abuse must be realized (Maruna, 2001). To earn the p urpose of this paper desistance can be described and defined as the initial process allowing quality desistance from drug abuse, criminality and other forms of deviance for an ex- criminal. gauge desistance in this case is the is the total termination of previous criminal behaviors together with other possible forms of deviance like drug abuse for at least(prenominal) ten years accompanied by a change in the identity of an individual.Desistance theoriesAgeingAge has been found to be a significant factor in criminology, as one grows older it is noted that their level of criminality greatly reduces. (Smith, 2007 Sampson and Laub, 2003 Gluecks, 1943 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). In 2000 in the United Kingdom 19 year olds were found to have committed crimes fifty times more those which men of over fifty years had committed. According to research the total life history of a criminal is usually general considering factor s like early deaths, imprisonment and when a criminal is evolving to avoid being detected (Maruna, 2006).In a research of 411 criminal males in London, Farrington (1990) realized that as the criminals grew older, their crimes reduced greatly with time but this only depended on different types of crimes (cited in Smith, 2007). For example, burglary is at its highest at age 20 while fraud and drug abuse offences record their highest at the age of 25 all the way to 30 as burglary sets on a steady decline afterwards. Nevertheless for the relentless hardcore criminals into their 70s, there was a clear connection between their age and their crime rates according to studies by Laub and Sampson (2003, 2005, 2005b). Furthermore they realized that alcohol and drug offences were their highest in the mid- thirties as compared to other offences. They finally came to a conclusion that both age and the type of crimes meet the whole process of desistance as well. However there have been differen t explanations to the not clear age crime curve. Developmental criminologists have been able to link the age of an offender and the capability of total desistance to childhood related issues. (Mulver et al, 1988 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 Nagin, 2005 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2005a) Offenders are therefore divided into two distinct groups, the adolescent and the liveent adult offenders.As a result it will be evident that in their late teens the adolescents will be able to grown out of crime and will be able to work on their favorable circles basically cod to their education and good social integration skills. The adult offender however will find it very hard to terminate deviancy due to unsuccessful relationships, academic prospects and also due to their low cognitive capabilities (Moffitt, 1993 1994 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). As a result of this theory, criminals are therefore grouped into two separate groups that are very different from each(prenominal) other due to childhood causes. And for any aspect of desistance then one has to be in the right group. Sampson and Laub (2003 2005a 2005b) on the other hand are against that approach and explain that anyone can be successful in desistance irrespective of which group they fall in (2003179). According to them childhood factors of offence do not determine desistance but instead help to explain the whole process of desistance.Gottfredson and Hirschi have their views as well and dit out that with the gradual process of growing old offenders usually find themselves stopping deviance (1995 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). They expound that for any organism there is always a stage of discontinuity that applies to criminology and the study of desistance and its links with age. Consequently, desistance becomes an expected phenomenon in the normal life of a criminal. Maruna (2001) however does not fully agree with this because according to him desistance, especially at the beginning, takes a huge amo unt of emotional, psychological and even physical effort and resources. Gluecks (1943) agrees with this too because he highlighted that desistance is from a change that comes with maturity, meaning, an offender gradually stops committing a crime (cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). This process is more often evidenced after the age 25 when a criminal starts tiring and gets less involved with crime. This theory however is not left out on the criticisms since it is claimed that it does not fully address the issue of age and its post in desistance (Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2003). Acknowledging that age is a significant factor in desistance, Sampson and Laub (1992) further argue that the importance of turning points in life and social contacts is underestimated in the maturational reform (cited in Maruna, 2001). liveliness Course TheoryA significant study on 500 men up to the age of 32 was carried in the 1930s and 1940s by the Gluecks (1943 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a 200 5b). Sampson and Laub later on in an impressive research followed up on 52 of these men and investigated on their criminal career to the age of 70. They found out that the causes of desistance and attention are actually opposites, namely, deliberately productive agency, establishment of limits in social relationships and unionised routine activities (Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a 2005b 2006). Their finding indicated that job stability, legions service and marriage were able to despoticly contribute to achieving desistance. These turning points were realized in the process of desistance whereby an offender seeks to start a sensitive life by ever-changing location or even starting a new job like entering the military for example. This however does not necessarily involve starting over, sometimes these offenders work to gain back and maintain their original contacts like a job or a marriage in their quest to stop their criminal tendencies. Whichever path desistance takes these turn ing points often lead toan elimination of the past observe for the growth and instruction of new social contacts that have a compulsory effect on an individualtypes of direct and indirect evaluation and observance of characterplanned routines with a central concern to family rather than peerscircumstances allowing for change in identity and development of new handwritings of a new selfThese factors, they explain are honest and are not affected by the type of marriage and the crime life of an individual , though informal, parenthood and cohabiting have also been linked to successful desistance (Sampson and Laub, 2006 Katz, 1999). Individuals with none of these social bonds are also more able to stop offending because in the end they do not lose anything. Rebecca Katz (199913) indicates that, families may consort a significant role in developing desistance since family influences self control and delinquency. Life course theory emphasizes on the strong influence of the social env ironment to offending explaining that absence of criminal peers reduces the chances of an individual ever engaging in offences and in the end positive attitudes favoring change will grow (Warr, 1998 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). Life Course Theory contradicts the link between developmental theories in criminal careers and desistance. It agrees that adulthood experiences are essential as well but to some point more significant in establishing the possible trajectory of desistance (2003).Circumstances, structural set-ups and personal choices all work together to promote desistance. The theme that desistance is a systematic process that continuously gets renewed, underestimates the importance of research on personal encouragement and the influence of social environment (Sampson and Laub, 2003171)AgencyYet another essential element that has been pointed out as key in achieving successful desistance is agency. (Burnett, 2004 Maruna, 2001 McNeill, 2006 Maguire et al, 2006 Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2005 a). The theory of rational offence understands the fact that a criminal is able to make decisions based on his psyche of what is good or bad according to him in his crime life. Agency therefore works hand in hand with rational choice in the key decision do processes of a criminal. Agency is important since it assists in the overall process of making a rational choice. Furthermore, when the inconsistent prototypes of criminal activities are considered together with financial and familial challenges most criminal encounter the theory of rational choice cannot by its own back up volitions to desist (Burnett, 2004 Sampson and Laub, 2005b). In their study of the Gluecks men Sampson and Laub (2005a) discovered that agency was a necessary component in the process of desistance. There is more to the structural support in the process of desistance, agency is required to offer the determination and persistence part of the equation. Agency determines the will to keep moving on and only those who are persistent will be able to manage the whole process. Measuring the determination and charge to persist the whole process of desistance is quite a challenge and as a result creates yet another crucial factor in the concept of turning points (Maruna, 2001) (Sampson and Laub, 2005a177). Moreover it is a quintessential component in the study of desistance and persistence in a criminal career that has however not been fully researched to date. In their research of the life course theory Sampson and Laub assert that they have been pursuance to explain the importance of the human agency as an aid in understanding desistance and other deviance forms (2003177).Knifing off ones past, has come out to be a vital element to describe the ability to be able to accomplish a successful desistance for some individuals. To achieve this voluntarily, agency is necessary since it is one of the most difficult things to do and needs a lot of determination. It is a process that is more often accompanied by cutting all past contacts and establishing new ones for example geographical location and family. Most importantly though, Maruna et al (2006a) explained that it can as well involve change from the inside, or a change in the way the offender thinks about him or herself, their past, and their environment. It is this positive change that motivates an offender to persist on and maintain desistance for longer (Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a Maguire et al, 2006).Contemplation time was found to be a crucial moment that assisted in creating a turning point to desistance according to a study by Margaret Hughes (1998). And it was found that the opportunity to descry came as a result of a change in geographical location, imprisonment and residential treatment programmes. Hughes participants found their desire to change develop when they withdraw from the usual environments and being able to get ample time for self actualization.Social identityRes earchers have tried to explain the phenomenon whereby some individual are able to sustain long term resistance while others do not, and it has been discovered that apart from agency, an individuals self identity change is similarly necessary. When an offender creates a a different set of beliefs and perspective chances of maintaining desistance are normally guaranteed to some point (Burnett, 2004). That is why programs like the cognitive behavioral therapy and the 12 step that work to develop a change in personal identity are advocated for during incarceration (Maruna, 2001).Each and every individual, whether an ex-offender, offender or normal citizen has a uncommon self identity through which their actions are guided upon, it is therefore as a result of this mechanisms that give people the different circumstances they exist in. The conditional relation of change in a criminal life is often subjectified by self-narratives (McNiell, 2006). More often though not a fact self narrativ es have been of assistance when people seek to explain their actions. Narratives very often change throughout the life course and understanding narratives, helps individuals realize the significance of past and bear witness events in our lives (Sampson and Laub, 2005a).In a desistance study in Liverpool, Shadd Maruna investigated the different self narratives of two distinct groups of offenders whereby one persisted and the other desisted, to account for the changes in ex-offender identities (Maruna, 2001). He was able to find out that both the desisting and persistent criminals actually had more or less the same personality characteristics and were not as agreeable and conscious as the general population. Self-narratives are the only components that divided the two groups after thorough interviews. Active offenders had what Maruna called a, condemnation leger (2001), meaning, they saw life as an unfortunate abysm of hostility and uncertainty. They believed that circumstances had p ushed them to their present situation and there was nothing they could do to change things and that the authority pushed them even further away. Desisting ex-offenders on the other hand had a positive outlook on their past and present and this is what assisted them to continue with their desistance process. It is this self-narrative that may be the tool needed for successful desistance.The past and present life of an ex-offender is often different and this is almost basically due to the self narrative (Maruna et al, 2007). This self narrative attaches a psychological component to the real facts of the past and creates a purpose and meaning in the life of an offender. This is what brings about the positive outlook and assists in achieving desistance. In a study focused completely on sacred changes of rehabilitated offenders, Maruna et al discovered that their self-narrative was interestingly altered after changing their religious beliefs (Maruna et al, 2006b). As a result the import ance of this self narrative is once more highlighted as it helps an offender realize that the past can be changed and that the future has a hope even for those in long sentences. The offender is therefore able to have a new sense of identity, empowerment, purpose and forgiveness.The self narratives of most offenders in the desisting group have a common characteristic Maruna describes as, the redemption script (2001). This is basically the belief that an offender is a good person and that his or her past was merely as a result of circumstances of crime, recidivism and addiction. As a result of this, the offenders are able to endeavor to live new lives as they continue in with their desistance. They are then able to view themselves as role models with the necessary knowledge and experience to advice and educate the next generations, something Maruna calls, Making Good. The major difference therefore between the desisting offenders and the persistent ones is the positive energy they su rround themselves with.Confidence and self belief are as a result pointed out to be essential qualities as they guide an offender to understand that their past was a necessary component for them to be where they are at the present. This redemptive narrative helps them realize that they are not their past and that their future is what that matters. The agnizement of a supreme power beyond them has also been a contributing factor in the lives of these offenders. This is because they realize that their past might have been a plan to give them the positions they hold in the present, like being counselors and youth leaders. This moral superiority and change from the past, according to Maruna, is to make up for long stretches of lost life.During desistance according to Stephen Farrall some offenders undergo long periods of creating new social identities (200685). However much these offenders change, it is not forgotten that they acknowledge they are answerable for their criminal past. I deologies that ex-offenders feel responsibility and core group from their past crimes are actually not evidenced by researches (Maruna, 2007). Successful offenders in desistance often admit to the guilt of their past but they however absolve their actions and justify or blame themselves and accept that circumstances might have pushed them to criminality. Sometimes however they do not accept their actions and believe that the edict pushed them to crime. This however does not cultivate the necessity of an ex-offender to acknowledge the wrongs from past life rather than putting blame on the society and the initial environment (Maruna, 2001).The Liverpool Desistance Study plant that a concurrent characteristic of the redemption script is an offender accepting to take control of changing his future however they do not acknowledge their past crimes. However a concurrent observation is made that most candidates of successful desistance accept responsibility for their past and future an d have the will to persist the challenges they will face. Maruna (200188) consequently gives the summary of the desisting persons narrative asdevelopment of inner beliefs that truly describes an individuals personalitya positive look at an individuals capability of changing in the futurethe purpose driven enthusiasm of giving back to the community particularly the next generationLife-Course-Persistent and Moffit Adolescence Deviance Groups of DevelopmentMoffitts (1993) concept of dual taxonomy of offending similarly tries to explain the processes of desistance and persistence. Moffitt (ibid) outlined that offenders can be grouped into two adolescent limiteds and life persisters. Moffitt proposes that the two groups are different and unique from each other in their offence and desistance processes, with the life course persisters having a different aetiology to the adolescent limited offenders. It is explained that they may be suffering neurological problems that affects their cognit ive and learning skills. This is therefore evidenced by poor social skills even in the family leading to the various forms of anti social behavior and poor self control Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). Early signs of antisocial behavior are a common characteristic of life course persisters (for example under-age drinking, premarital sex) as a result they are often excommunicated from their initial societal setting because of poor behavior, development and social bonds. Early signs of antisocial behaviors like these are normally a clear indication of a persistent criminal career in the future. This will be in connection to the age graded theory meaning there patterns of crime will be different and theirs will be a continuous cycle of events of affected marriages, work, education and relationships.Moffitt continues to argue that adolescent limited are not affected by any neurological problems like life course persisters and are able to successfully develop their social networks and cog nitive skills. Therefore the causal factors for their criminality are connected to the gap between social development, age and desires. Age for example prevents them from engaging in adult behavior like sex or drinking. As a result of deviance from their desires, they tend to associate with the life course persister leading to the growth of their deviance. However, due to their developed social skills and academic success they are likely to be able to change more easily if they choose desistance. This is because they will be able to depend on their strong social bonds for support.Maruna (cited Laub Sampson 2001) explains that as a result of giving more credit to dispositional rather than personality traits, the proper steps involved in discovering the union of criminality is achieved. Sampson and Laub note that when personality traits do not change gradually with time people are still more often capable of making a change. Researchers therefore have to examine other factors influe ncing personalities like personal strategies and self-perceptions Maruna (cited ibid).Narrative scriptThere are two distinct narrative script types in the desistance literature that highlight how criminals really view themselves and their societal roles.For the persisters their script usually has a concurrent theme of condemnation. More often they blame immaterial conditions like poor family relations and lack of education for their criminality. They generally have an external locus of control.In contrast the offenders who finally become successful in desistance have a redemption script. They are complete opposites of the latter and are fully responsible for their actions. As a result they make a positive choice to stop the crime by accepting rehabilitation programmes. They are described to have an internal locus of control.Factors that influence the particular narrative script that gets adopted by a criminal are majorly internal factors such as personality and genetics especially after rehabilitation. A higher chance of a redemptive script is noted to be as a result of intense rehabilitation.A probation workers relationship with an offender has also been linked to affect desistance. It is there important for these officers to have empathy skills that are crucial in the process of guiding an offender to desistance as they strive to be able to re-integrate back into the society. relevance of desistance theoryThe desistance theory is relevant in a number of different applied and academic professions. The desistance theory to researchers may provide a foundation to be able to examine the different factors that contribute to the cessation of a criminal offence from a theoretical view. The desistance theory allows for a number of different crimes in history and their approaches like the Lombrosian biological positivism, to have consideration in the present society which has an evident difference in its ways of thinking. As a result criminology is more understood a nd its relationship with other disciplines like psychology, politics and social policy acknowledged. This will consequently allow the development of collaboration for a positive cause of reducing re offence rates.The desistance theory on a practical level has assisted the criminal justice system (CJS) to identify possible solutions to cases of reoffending of successful candidates of desistance through for example initiating community based sentences. This kind of programme is sure to gradually decrease the number of criminals in HM Prison inspection and repair institutions for short periods.Studies have shown that short-term sentences in prisons for example (those for less than six months) often lead to increased crime rates after release. This is well explained by the fact that these short-term prisoners to not undergo complete metamorphosis from not covering all the rehabilitation programs. Their exposure to the hard core criminals in the prisons who have been there for longer an d have been experienced criminals also contributes to their overall change.In addition desistance theory assists in the continuous development of training programmes for the respective professionals responsible for working with ex-offenders in the community. For example the Probation Service (see Narrative script section, above).ControversiesIt is important for the general public to realize that desistance is achievable and takes time. Offenders should therefore not be viewed as bad people who cannot live with others even after rehabilitation programs. The public is therefore advised not to discriminate these groups of people in their society.Reintegration cases of offenders back into the society have always caused massive outrages by a large percentage of the public community. There are numerous related cases of such circumstances that have often been quite difficult and delicate to handle. For example in 2011, the case of the reintegration of Jason Owen, he had been imprisoned for allegedly taking part in the killing of featherbed P (Peter Connelly) in 2007, and in 2011 he was the released after his sentence was over. The Sun newspaper immediately kicked off a campaign to find him. Readers were urged to write and enshroud to the newspaper of any knowledge of his whereabouts. There was an article in the same newspaper that sent sentiments of outrage over the fact that the ex-convict had actually tried to find a job.This is a clear indication of how the effort of successful psychological research can be nullified by news reports in the favourite media. This kind of outrageous reporting is especially a common characteristic of Tabloid newspapers. Their influence over the public is often impressive and they are as a result able to manipulate and affect the attitudes of the wider public towards their view of desistance and offenders. As a result of this, future recidivism is often developed gradually due to the ill-informed public. Newspapers then use this rec idivism as proof of their initial correctness.Conclusion

Reflective Portfolio of an Occupational Therapist

Reflective Portfolio of an occupational TherapistReflective Portfolio and go along passkey ontogenesis PortfolioThe HCPC defines a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) portfolio as A range of learning activities through which health passe-partouts maintain and develop throughout their bring offer to ensure that they retain their mental object to practise safely, in effect and leg in ally within their evolving scope of practice. (Allied Health Professions project) Put simply, a Continuing Professional Development Portfolio is a way for maestros to fall out to learn and develop throughout their interemainderers so they keep their skills and knowledge up to date and atomic number 18 able to sketch safely, legally and effectively within amicable services or the private sector.Alsop (2000) recognises that there is a wide range of benefits of CPD. By keeping a Continuing Professional Development Portfolio it helps to encourage a higher standard of in the flesh(predicate) p rofessional execution of instrument. It demonstrates a commitment from the healthcare professional to ensure the best practice is ween as tumefy as demonstrating a dedicated commitment to service users.Continuing Professional Development Portfolio requires some specific documents. For exemplification a CPD portfolio requires a fully up-to-date course Vitae and a personal statement with a summary of current work and how your CPD improved the quality of your work and the benefits you expect give upd to your service users. As well as the basic necessities there are a variety of things that could be beneficial to include in ones Continuing Professional Development Portfolio such as informative hand-outs or articles that have impacted upon your understanding of Occupational Therapy or examples of your skills applied to your current location. Another key aspect of keeping a Continuing Professional Development Portfolio is to have regular reflections of your objective practices and estimations. By turning ones experiences of practice into a written form of documentation it pass on help each case-by-case identify and support their learning outcomes and learning motifs. It also helps to have a wide range of learning activities including peer review/feedback and group projects. As well as peer feedback from group work it would also be beneficial to include feedback on assignments from professors, illustrating how your learning has developed, and your practice has improved.The Code of Ethics and Professional distri howevere ( fingerstall, 2010) specifies the requirements of an Occupational Therapist in relation to keeping a Continuing Professional Development Portfolio. It states that all Occupational Therapists must go to keep a CPD portfolio that may be audited by the HCPC every five years. Each professional must make sure that their CPD Portfolio shows a variety of different kinds of activities and that each performance is relevant to their line of work . Each CPD portfolio should aim to improve the quality of work you produce, and ensure that each healthcare professional is able to practice safely and effectively within their scope of practice as well as being able to practise within the legal and ethical boundaries of each varying profession. For example an Occupational Therapist because they have such a holistic plan of attack to their care would remove to be aware of the impact of culture, equality and diversity on their practice (HCPC 2013) With each health care professional updating their Continuing Professional Development Portfolio they will be able to draw on up to date and appropriate knowledge and skills to inform their practice decisions and to help them understand the require to establish and maintain a safe practice environment. However a Continuing Professional Development Portfolio is not just kept by Occupational Therapists but are required from the entire multidisciplinary squadA multidisciplinary team (MDT) i s composed of members from different healthcare professions with specialised skills and expertise. This is beneficial to the patients because when professionals from a range of disciplines with different but complementary skills, knowledge and experience work to bugger offher they are able to deliver comprehensive healthcare aimed at providing the best possible outcome for the animal(prenominal) and psychosocial needs of a patient and their carers. Multidisciplinary care occurs due to the fact that a patient needs may change with while and treatment. Since the team has such a diverse range of professions to call upon for a patients care the structure of the team may also change to meet these needs. There are many health care professions that make up a multidisciplinary team ranging from District Nurses, Physiotherapist, Doctors, Speech and Language Therapists and of course Occupational TherapistsThe role of an Occupational Therapist can provide many benefits within the multidiscip linary team. Their specific facts of life allows them to h obsolescent the distinctive role of understanding a patients medical, physical and psychological state and the impact that their disability or injury capability be imposing on their lives. It also helps that occupational therapists are able to address an individuals broader goals that will help a patient commingle with their local community and reduce depression and deviateicipate in the activities that are important to them. Essentially Occupational Therapists prove to be instrumental in have teams as they are able to understand both the health and social care context of a customer. The Occupational Therapists have a unique chance to link various professionals dealing with a clients care. They can act as the cohesive agent to maximise the effectiveness of a team. They have involvement in working with both health and social care and return to work schemes. Unlike the rest of the multidisciplinary team Occupational The rapists provide a client centred approach to their practice, they look at the person as a whole so involving the clients occupation, their environment and their spirituality into their treatment. The occupational therapist values individual experience, cultural diversity, phantasmal beliefs and lifestyle diversity in their clients.The expression of these values means that occupational therapy is essentially a flexible process in which the therapist listens to the client in order to understand and respond to their individual needs, values, interests and aspirations. For intervention to be integrated into the life and context of the individual, the family and carers, it must be culturally sensitive and culturally relevant. (Creek 2003, p29). This client centred approach is also greatly aided by the fact that occupational therapists have an extensive knowledge and understanding of the equipment and adaptations that are a major part of healthcare services (Rabiee and Glendinning 2010). This makes Occupational Therapists a valuable part of the MDT for the government as they drastically help reduce the cost of care for some clients.A recent study which explored the relationship between provision of correct equipment from an Occupational Therapist and the reduction on care package costs and residential care put in that on average the cost of an eight week care package was dropped by over 60,000 (Hill. S (2007). This was because housing adaptations made by the Occupational Therapist greatly reduced the need for daily visits and reduced or even in some cases removed the costs for home care this lastly brought savings in that ranged from 1,200 to 29,000 a year. (Heywood and Turner.2007). Ultimately the setting up of supplementary moving and handling equipment by the occupational therapists reduces the need for two carers to assist the patients with their personal care. In Somerset, of the 125 services users who were assessed 37% of them are now only assisted by one ca rer instead of two, with savings of 270,000 achieved. The average initial enthronization in equipment was 763 per service user (Mickel 2010). This additional money saving shows that the Occupational Therapists are a cost effective and highly efficient members of the multidisciplinary team, who can provide holistic, well rounded care to each individual patient.As well as all members of the multidisciplinary team having to keep a Continuing Professional Development Portfolio they must also keep reflection folders. Reflection can be defined as a framework through which professionals can explore all issues involved in clinical practice to them it is a means of enabling practitioners to theorise slightly practice and thus enable theory to emerge from practice. Schn (1983) presents the idea that there are two types of reflection Firstly there is reflection in action this is when the professionals instinctive actions are reflected upon, whilst they are carrying it out the actions or jud gment, and altered as necessary whilst in the situation. Secondly there is reflection on action this is when we as professionals step back from the performance and reflect on that action at a later time and date.Many different professionals have presented different amazes of reflection for healthcare practitioners to follow, ranging from Graham Gibbs, Christopher outhouses and John Driscoll.Graham Gibbs developed his reflective cycle (Gibbs 1988) based upon each stage of David A. Kolbs experiential cycle (Kolb 1984). He suggested how a full structured synopsis of a situation could take place using prompt questions at each stage. It is probably the most cited specimen by health care professionals but does not contain the number or depth of prompt questions contained in some other modelsDescription In this section, the professionals need to explain what they were reflecting on. This means that they need to include background information, such as what it is they were reflecting on and tell the reader who was involved. Its important to remember to keep the information provided relevant, to-the-point and most importantly confidential.Feelings In this section the professional needs to discuss their feelings and thoughts about the experience. They need to consider questions such as How did you feel at the time? What did you think at the time? What did you think about the contingency afterwards? Here they are able to discuss their emotions honestly.Evaluation-For the evaluation, the professionals need to discuss how well the event went. Including factors such as How they reacted to the situation at hand, and how did other people react to the equivalent situation? What was good and what was bad about the experience?Analysis- In the analysis, one needs to consider what competency have helped or hindered the event at the time. The professional also has the opportunity here to compare the experience with the literature they have read.Conclusion- In the conclusion , it is important for the professional to acknowledge whether they could have done anything else what has been learned from the experience consider whether they could you have responded in a different way. If the experience was positive it is important to discuss whether the corresponding actions would be undertaken to ensure the equal positive outcomes next time. At the same time considering if there is anything that could have been change a to improve things even further. If the incident was negative then you need to reflect on how this could have been avoided and what needs to be done to make sure it doesnt happen again.I chose Gibbs model of reflection to use in my own assignment, because I found that the structure was easy to follow, and was laid out clearly. The instructions were simple and sequential. In addition to this the model was easy to apply to my sound judgments and my clients.Applying the Model to an Assessment performed on Placement.For confidentiality reasons du ring this reflection the client will take the pseudonym of Mrs Jones who was a seventy five year old woman and my educator will go by the pseudonym of Mrs Smith.Description In this section I will be reflecting upon a washing and preparation assessment with Mrs Jones that took place on the ward before her returning home. Mrs Jones was in hospital for several months after suffering a fall at home. Mrs Jones lived at home by herself in a two storey house, with three bed populates but with a downstairs toilet and bathroom. Involved in this assessment were myself, Mrs Jones and Mrs Smith. The assessment took place on the ward in a lowly wash room and toilet. After her fall Mrs Jones had been using a Zimmer frame to base on balls around the hospital ward.Feelings As this was my first assessment on my own naturally I was incredibly nervous. Throughout the entire assessment I was dysphoric that I was going to make a wrong choice or a poor decision. Throughout the assessment I was also conscious about trying to impress my educator, so actually I could be guilty of focussing more upon impressing my educator than focussing on the patient. However after the assessment had finished I did feel that it had been a success Mrs Jones had performed well proving that she was capable of washing and dressing herself with minimal assistance from myself or from Mrs Smith. This ultimately proved that she was go down to return home.Evaluation- During the assessment I felt that I remained calm and collected and managed to keep my nerves under control. However looking back on the assessment and after a discussion with Mrs Smith, I feel like I could have been a bit firmer with Mrs Jones. For when she kept asking to sit down and rest during the assessment I would let her whereas Mrs Smith said that she would had encouraged Mrs Jones to keep going. Stating that since being on the ward Mrs Jones had become used to the nurses doing everything for her and that whilst she was with us I wo uld need to learn to differentiate between Mr Jones genuine need for help, for example when she needed help washing the top of her back and when she was being lazy and trying to get me to do things for her. However Mrs Smith said that being firm but fair with clients would become much easier with age and experience.Analysis- During this assessment I also learnt to give the physical environment much more thought before starting a washing and dressing assessment. The cubical wash room was quite small and I failed to take into consideration that during the assessment I would have to manoeuvre myself, Mrs Jones and Mrs Jones Zimmer frame around the toilet, shower and wash hand basin. I should have realised that I should have entered the wash room first in order to have full access to all the facilities, however I politely followed Mrs Jones into the bathroom, but then had the difficulty of moving round Mrs Jones and her Zimmer frame in order to move on with the assessment. A greater aw areness of the physical environment would have enabled me to pre-empt this inconvenience.Conclusion- In conclusion I feel that the assessment was a positive experience for both myself and Mrs Jones. In order to replicate the same positive experience for both parties, I need to remain confident and emphatic to my clients, whilst ensuring I am realistic with their abilities. The fact that I remained in an spirited and encouraging mood help lift the spirits of Mrs Jones, and inspired her to keep going in the assessment even when she claimed she didnt want to. I found that the mood of the Occupational Therapist can quite often transfer to the patient, so remaining positive whilst in front of the client is essential to a beneficial and successful assessment.Reflecting on all of my assessments whilst on my placement helped me identify my future learning needs. I realised that there is still plenty of room for me to break and develop not only as a professional but also as a person. Mrs S mith and all of the clients helped me understand that to grow as a professional I need to continue to build therapeutic and respectful relationships with my clients. Although a strong rapport with patients is essential at the same time I need to learn to distance myself emotionally from my clients and to continue to remain professional. For a few times on placement and during initial assessments I found myself becoming emotionally attached to my clients, viewing them as if they were a family member, my grandparents for example. In order to become a better professional I need to learn to differentiate sympathy and empathy for my clients. Once I have managed this it will be easier for me to learn to find the balance between firm and fair when assessing my old clients, and only ask them to do what was realistically achievable. The final learning need that I was able to identify from my multiple written reflections, and from my reflection discussions with Mrs Smith was that as a profes sional I need to learn to be more confident when in charge of an assessment, but this will be something that will continue to develop and grow with age and experience.In assessing a clients needs and appropriate course of treatment I need to consider which methods will best help achieve the desired outcome. Experience will help develop my ability to determine realistic targets and reflection will enable me to become a portfolio of these methods to achieve those targets. A record of good and effective practices such as exchanges with other Occupational Therapists can only serve to enhance my professional development.References(Allied Health Professions project), Demonstrating competence through CPD, 2002.Alsop, A. 2000. Continuing Professional Development A Guidefor Therapists. London Blackwell Science.COT- College of Occupational Therapists 2010. Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. London. College of Occupational Therapists.Creek J (2003) Occupational therapy defined as a comp lex intervention. London College of Occupational TherapistsGibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further statement Unit.HCPC Health and Care Professions Council 2013.Standards of proficiency for occupational therapists. London. Health Care professions councilHeywood F and Turner L (2007) Better outcomes, lower costs implications for health and Dsocial care budgets of coronation in housing adaptations, improvements and equipment a review of the evidence. London Stationery Office.Hill S (2007) Independent living equipment cost savings. Research report identified through the COT Killer Facts Database.Mickel, A (2010) A ticking timebomb. Occupational Therapy News OTnews, 18(5), 38-39Nottingham University Reflection Models online accessed 25/04/2014 http//www.nottingham.ac.uk/nmp/sonet/rlos/placs/critical_reflection/models/gibbs_model.htmlRabiee P, Glendinning C (2010) The organisation and content of home care re-ablement services. (Researc h Works 2010-01). York University of York, well-disposed Policy Research Unit.Schn D.A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. Aldershot. Arena

Bone Conduction Technology Impact

Bone conductivity Technology ImpactGabrielle LauErin ToppingThe worlds run shorts can be perceived acoustically and as vibrations. Acoustic trans legation, in like manner known as personal line of credit conductivity, is earpiece that travels through the external auricle. Through rig out conductivity, sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear by the cranial swots without locomotion through the air in the ear canal (Oticon Medical). Audiologists labour advantage of these two principles when creating earshot wait ons for the deaf and attaining impaired. Traditional acoustic air conduction hearing assist treat and amplify noise appropriately to the drug employmentr through the ear canals. Unlike air conduction, deck out conduction involves by traceing the ear and resting on the bony prominence of the skin. Vibrations travel through the deck outs and into the cochlea where sound, including acoustic, is interpreted. Despite air conduction succeeding bone conduction i n the hearing embolden industry, bone conduction engine room offers many potence uses and enhanced safety. Inventions such as bone conduction sun glassfules and head squalls allow users to immerse themselves in euphony without muting surroundal sounds. Their ears would be open to hearing car horns and hollers, thus preventing many injuries and deaths that were initially caused by earphones blocking surrounding sound (Hsu, University of Maryland). Moreover, scientific studies drive to a gap supported the concept, that bone conduction technology causes less damage to the ears than ear buds (Monks, The Audiology Foundation of America). Bone conduction lie hearing, as compared to air conduction oriented hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider variety of uses.Air conduction oriented hearing is the standard sound transmission of the anatomy of ears. Sound travels through the ear canal, and next translated into vibrations by the eardrum. These vibrations then transmit through three tiny bones cal take the anvil, hammer, and stirrup in the middle ear which amplifies the sound. Lastly, the sound enters the cochlea lined with fluid and thousands of tiny hair cells that leave behind transform the sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain to interpret. Acoustic hearing aids own technologically move tremendously with each aid handling miniscule microphones, processors, and receivers (Townsley). Sound is picked up through the microphone then processed into the peculiar(prenominal) hearing range of the user. For example, an air conduction hearing aid would pick up sound and strengthen high or low pitched noises to break the hearing of the patient. Air conduction hearing aids benefit individuals suffering from cochlear damage, where the hair cells that stimulate hearing certain frequencies to the auditory nerve have deteriorated.Bone conduction oriented hearing involves bypassing the external ear and transmittin g sound via the bones of the human body, preferably the skull. There are two types of bone conducting hearing aids, bone conduction bands and bone anchored hearing aids. Unlike bone conduction bands, bone anchored hearing aids involve penetrating the skin by surgically implanting a titanium abutment to the mastoid (Oticon Medical). A microphone sound processor latches to this implant in order to directly transmit sound as vibrations to the skull (Townsley). Bone conduction bands consist of a microphone, processor, and elastic band. These two mechanical components latch to the band that is worn around the patients head. The bone conduction hearing aid provides a solution to those with profound hearing loss with sensorineural damage, single-sided deafness, or atresia, a birth defect where individuals are born without an ear canal. This option of hearing has gained most recognition from its ability to help the common condition, single-sided deafness. Individuals who suffer such, have a n impaired ability to detect the direction of sounds and to separate background noise to drag sense of speech (Townsley). To avoid incurings of social isolation and exclusion from this, patients use specifically bone conduction hearing aids to regain consciousness of the topographic point of sound and its source. Moreover, bone conduction hearing aids are used during hearing tests to uncover whether a patient suffers external or sensorineural ear damage (Townsley).The use of air conduction is constant for those with normal hearing. Individuals with unobstructed external ear pathways and normal sensorineural function will automatically hear all sounds acoustically. Air conduction technology encompasses all appliances that allow individuals to hear sound. These include hearing aids, speakers, headphones, speaker implanted into cars and computers, etc. A magnitude of technology utilizes air conduction sound transmission, but the functional purpose of creating sound has non since pr esented any different potential uses.Though bone conduction technology has been around for centuries, modern developments have shown the magnitude of its use. Ludwig Van Beethoven, born in the late 1700s, utilized sound bite principles to compose music after he threw a temper tantrum, fell over, and stood up to realize he had lost all hearing. By biting on a special rod link to the soundboard on a piano that he could bite, Beethoven allowed musical vibrations to transfer to his jaw to increase his perception of the sound.(Ealy 143) Bone conduction technology has since advanced as a safety precaution for secret military operations and daily activities. British Aeorspace Sy base of operationss constructed bone conduction inspired helmets allowing soldiers to hear comms over the loudest field noises and bone phones, ear pieces to use for silent communication (Wood). The documented navy SEAL raid that killed Osama salt away Laden stated the vitality of bone phones for that mission ( Owen). The underlyings of the bone phones have shifted to also accomodate citizens. In a study conducted by the University of Maryland, it concluded that 70% of all transportation accidents involving earphones led to death. The creation of bone conduction headphones henceforth came somewhat. To promote situational awareness, users can listen to music through a headpiece that firmly sits transducers in front of the ear, on the cheekbones. Hollers and honks from surrounding cars will be heard by the user because their natural hearing sense is no longer depleted by an ear phone. Moreover, certain cell phone companies have begun to develop a bone conduction microphone. For busy men and women who must take calls on the go, but struggle to make their responses apparent and environment non-apparent to their recipient, this speaker will directly pick up the vibrations of their voice simply by resting on their head and transferring it to the phone to process and link to the recipient end. These products have been manufactured into articles of clothing that can be worn on the head such as baseball caps and glasses. These developments prove that bone conduction technology is go on into uses beyond the hearing impaired.Additionally bone conduction has been utilized as a marketing gimmick. In the summer of 2015, a Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in South Africa hoped to increase its relevance through creating a modern indoor entertainment system. With the growing number of unsigned musical artists and the fact that KFC was non a record label, the fast food chain decided to create record accedes (Chase and Brandt). They took advantage of bone conduction principles by engineering t fittings where customers would place their elbows on the t suitable and cup their hands on their ears to get a musical treat (Chase and Brandt). This high-tech addition yielded outstanding results in business increased the average worry time of the customer in store and widespread social media hype about the innovation as well as overwhelmingly positive feedback about the experience (Chase and Brandt). Bone conduction has created a new form of advertisement in an exciting and interactive way that it has been introduced into the public transportation systems in Munich and north-central Rhine-Westphalia. In 2013 Sky Go, a mobile streaming service, enhanced the glass windows of trains to transmit messages through bone conduction to passengers who lay their head on the window. This glass emits high frequencies that the brain processes into words heard by no one else on the train except for those who also have laid their head on the window. Information on weather, music, and advertisements transmitted into the commuters heads. Despite a Sky Go representative, Susanne Keyzers, claiming passengers were surprised but enjoyed this new form of advertising, on camera reactions prove that bone conduction may not be the best fit for transit advertisements. Several passengers looked s hocked then angry for not being able to closed(a) their eyes for nap while leaning against a window (Dicker). Though bone conduction has introduced an entirely new dimension to the world of advertisement, manufacturers must know the line between voluntary interaction and invasion of privacy. For its invasive characteristics, the talking window has opened an aspect of marketing known as guerilla advertising. out-of-door of practical and marketing use, bone conduction technology has also make strides in the recreational and comfort fields. Aquatic sportswear companies such as period Incorporated have developed underwater headphones, dubbed the Neptune headphones, through the use of bone conduction principles. This recent innovation mimics the way whales and dolphins communicate underwater (Smith) by transferring sound as vibrations from an mp3 player to small pieces latched over the cheekbones. The music plays as if inside the users head, giving this new headphone a surreal (Smith) reputation. Another company that hoped to take advantage of bone conductions potentials uses was Google. In 2013, Google created its first Google trash prototype, a glasses gadget that could provide information to its user instantly by being impendent to the human senses (Warr). Essentially computer glasses, these gadgets included a bone conduction speaker to transfer information to the user regarding camera use, internet information, map directions, or music. Due to its still continuing development, the Google Glass has never been sold to the public. The head Glass coordinator, Tony Fadell, spoken out that several versions of Google Glass are being made for different situations. Currently, an Enterprise Edition exists which aimed at businesses in healthcare, manufacturing, and energy industries. And beyond that, bone conduction has become a player in the comfort industry. combine audience Systems built a Dreampad bone conduction pillow in 2014 (Kooser). The Dreampad consisted of several bone conduction speakers fitted into all sort of pillows to help sing users into a pleasant slumber. Their target audiences encompassed those diagnosed with insomnia and those who wish to listen to music or audiobooks to sleep while their bed buddy may prefer complete silence. By utilise a very subtle sound bone conduction based approach, the Dreampad soothed people to sleep. The expanse of bone conduction technology from underwater workouts to inducing sleep, highlighting its many uses as compared to air conduction technology.Not only does bone conduction offer a new take on leisure items, it also has become a vital part of entertainment experiences for the deaf community. Recently, the world famous DJ Martin Garrix and the soda brand 7Up teamed up to create a project for the Deaf. In cooperation with Fake Love, Martin Garrix and 7UP created a concert for the deaf that utilized a variety of tactile experiments and features to give participants the experience of feelin g their music (Meadow). The project gnarly the construction of numerous vibrating speaker cones and padded flooring, revolving around bone conduction principles, so that the deaf attendees would be able to interact and materially feel the music around them. Visuals were paired to water experiments that the music itself brought to life, creating a completely seamless and encompassing audio and visual experience(Meadow). The designers of this concert created plexi-glass boxes with a thin base aim of water. Attached to the bottom, were lights and vibrating speaker cones that vibrated the water at different frequencies. These vibrations accompanied the visual projections and ultimately the beats played by Martin Garrix. Some attendees were also fitted with Subpac-like backpack systems that conveyed abstruse throughout the body (Meadow). The project thoroughly utilized bone conduction principles in order to gear a musical concert to an all-deaf audience. Though the vibrations could n ot be perceived as sound because of the audiences complete auditory deafness, the vibrations could be picked up by the bones of the human body in rhythms recognizable to the brain. And the results succeeded expectations. quite a little of all ages who had never heard a sound in their entire lives or for many years enjoyed a night of electronic music and bounce to beats that literally flowed through their bodies. Bone conduction technology can create new inventions, but it can also be a fundamental principle in creating life experiences that yield lasting amounts of joy and happiness.Some may argue that although bone conduction technology offers a spectrum of uses, its woodland does not permit it to reach full potential. Many online reviews of bone conduction inspired works such as Google Glass or the Dreampad are negative. Users usually feel dissatisfied with the vibrational sound being muffled and unclear, and for certain developments, users find them physically unappealing. A r ecent popular review on the Dreampad gave credit for its dramatic technology but derailed it for its limited coat (Lovejoy). It also detailed the false sense of the Dreampads efficacy by discussing its limited research. The Dreampad advertising site claimed to have had performed a study with Columbia University. However, the study in its entirety included twenty-nine people with only ten actually using the Dreampad pillow. Additionally, Lovejoy noted that the bone conduction music was almost painful to listen to and that the given podcasts were both muffled and quiet even at maximum volume. simply, this demonstrates only one heavily canvass and documented opinion. For the Google Glass, a plethora of complaints and criticisms arose. Initially this invention held highly regard, being named one of TIME magazines Best Inventions of the Year as well as receiving an dumfounding number of pages in several popular magazines, being referenced in popular television shows, and even premier ing on the runway for young York Fashion Week. But within a year it began its descent into infamy. Its initial exclusivity made it far more desirable and idealized in society. Once technology reviewers got a block of a pair and both tested and deconstructed it, Google Glass met its downfall. Major criticisms revolved around the weak bone conduction sound system, abysmal battery life, its pestilence of cyber-bugs, and limited use (Bilton). Google Glass recording abilities made it banned from bars, movie theaters, and casinos. Despite bone conduction technologies good intentions to thrust humanity into the possibilities of the future, its overall quality has kept it from truly progressing.Clearly, bone conduction offers a great variety of uses. However, it is not necessarily the better option compared to air conduction both in quality and health. As stated earlier, bone conduction inventions have faced excessive criticism concerning the sound quality and whether or not it is effect ively limning sound to those with hearing disabilities. A common misconception, is that bone conduction is a less risky form of headphone and therefore healthier. Headphones that are bone conduction oriented will pass sound through the skull and straight to the bones of the middle ear to the cochlea. Likewise, sound that is transferred through air conduction will pass through the ear canal, ear drum, middle ear bones, and the cochlea. Either way, both still put the hair cells of the cochlea at risk when playing loud music. Listening repeatedly to loud volumes will lead to damage of the cochlea no matter what kind of hearing technology.Air conduction and bone conduction principles have led to a vast amount of advancements in many aspects of life innovations in hearing, traffic safety, the work place, and even personal comfort. The limits of acoustic sound application stem from the primary purpose of giving off sound for those of normal hearing. As compared to bone conduction, air co nduction does not offer as many potential uses or variety of applications. Through the developments of bone conduction headphones, military helmets, glasses, tables, and even pillows one can truly see the possibilities of bone conduction. And beyond tangible objects, bone conduction has played a role in ensuring the safety of pedestrians and bikers and creating impactful memories of hearing and feeling music. Although there are currently many shortcomings, I deliberate that bone conduction technology has the promise of making countless technological advances in the future. Bone conduction oriented hearing, as compared to air conduction oriented hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider variety of uses.Bone conduction technology has massively expanded in its uses. in a flash reaching far beyond the hearing aid market it was originally intended for headphones that help ensure safety, and pillows that play silent music to help the user fall aslee p. It has greatly transcended the cell phone company market by offering new ways to add clarity and efficiency to calls. Bone conduction has even reached the battle field, by being implemented into military helmets. Soldiers can now clearly receive and understand orders from their commander over the blasting sounds of cannons, guns, tanks, or aircrafts. It has also become greatly useful in secret operations. By having a slim bone conduction piece attached to the arm, agents are able to communicate silently in the most physically unobvious way without any headpiece or audible sound. And after defense, bone conduction has been monumental in helping the deaf hear. In a recent concert and commercial put on by 7 Up Soda, the public was able to see how bone conduction speakers and platforms were able to transmit sound to deaf individuals so that they may enjoy a full on visual and physical musical experience. But despite its success and high regard by society, it does have its own shortc omings. Users of bone conduction products have found much fault in its quality as well as its overall efficiency. Reviews on the Google Glass and Dreampad yielded not the most gentle remarks. Critics also point out the use of bone conduction as guerilla advertisement, specifically in the talking window campaign in western Europe. Its invasion of privacy and improper application by Skygo have somewhat downscaled the popularity of bone conduction. However, seeing the amount of things it can do and accomplish, the multiple inventions made, I have believe that the future of bone conduction technology is promising. The potential uses bone conduction technology has are boundless, and I believe will be vital in the development of future inventions and discoveries. works CitedBilton, Nick. Why Google Glass Broke. The New York Times. The New York Times, 04 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Chase, Pete, and Adam Brandt. Sound Bite Interactive Record Table. Best Ads on TV. YUM Brands. 20 July 2015. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.Dicker, Ron. Train windowpane Ads Vibrate Into Ear Via Bone Conduction As You Lay Head Against Glass (VIDEO). The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 03 July 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Ealy, George Thomas. Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate early(a) Hearing Aids and Beethovens Hearing Perception, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring, 1994), pp. 262-273, University of California Press. 27 Nov. 2011. Print. 01 Feb. 2017.Greer, Ray. Bone Conduction Headphones Safety and What to Know. Best of Life Magazine Co. 16 Feb. 2016, pp. 15-20. 01 Feb. 2017.Hsu, Christine. heartbreaking Injuries and Deaths Caused by Headphones Have Tripled Since 2004. Injury Prevention (2012) n. pag. Medical Daily. University of Maryland, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.Kooser, Amanda. I Let a Bone-conduction reside Sing Me to Sleep. CNET. N.p., 25 Nov. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Lovejoy, Ben. Review Dreampad, the Bluetooth Pillow Speaker with Impressive Tech but Limited Application.9 to 5 Mac. 13 Jan. 2 017. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Meadow, Matthew. Martin Garrix Proves He Has A Heart Of Gold In Emotionally charged New Video. Your EDM. LLC, 18 Mar. 2016. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.Monks, Kieron. Bone Conduction Get Used to the Voices in Your Head. CNN. Cable News Network. 29 May 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Oticon Medical .How Bone Conduction Hearing Systems Work. How Bone Conduction Works. Oticon Medical, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Owen, Mark, and Kevin Maurer. No Easy Day The Autobiography of a Navy SEAL The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden. NY, NY Dutton Penguin. 2012. Print. 01 Feb. 2017.Smith, Jennifer. Incredible Underwater Headphones That Transmit Music to Swimmers Ears by Vibrating Sound through Their Cheekbones . Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Townsley, Christopher. Professional Audiologist Interview. Personal interview. 30 Jan. 2017.Warr, Philippa. Google Glass to Use Bone Vibration Instead of Traditional Headphones.WIRED UK . WIRED UK, 23 May 2016. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Wood, Anthony. Army Helmets Could Soon Feature Bone Conduction Comms. New Atlas Latest News. Shutterstock. 10 Sept. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.

Produce a new look for a website. Essay -- Computer Science

Produce a new look for a website.3.1.2 semiformal Report===================The problem that was in need of solving was to produce a new look forwow.com to target the 17 to 25 year olds. The look that the keep companywere trying to aim for was young, energetic, dynamic and flexible.I firstly set bulge out by comparing some current documents such as flyers,letters and invoices. This helped me as I could gather the outstrip partsfrom these documents and use them to concede me ideas to create new ones.The documents that I selected had to be 3 of a kind that were fromthree companies with ii of a flyer and a letter.I the started off by researching and designing a logo for the new lookwow.com. I produced four prototypes of the logo and selected the bestone that I felt had got the right look that I wanted. The final designincluded two people which I felt really stood out from the rest of thedesigns.The next task was to design the letterhead to update the old styleinto the new look. I u sed the documents that I collected at thebeginning to give me ideas on how to design it. These where then usedas templates for my design, my design for the letterhead was prettysimple as I felt that I didnt want to crowd the sheet.I then brought an example of a staff newsletter and used it to getsome ideas from. I then went about designing the staff newsletter forwow.com. It contained four pages which included a front cover, twoarticle pages and a fun and game...

Graphology :: Handwriting School Education Essays

GraphologyIntroductionThe belief that handwriting is a sign of the inner temper is very old. The first serious attempt to analyze handwriting seems to withstand been that of Camillo Baldi, an Italian scholar, who published a book on the subject in 1622. As literacy spread, handwriting analysis became popular, being practiced as an art edition by such literary figures as Goethe, Poe, the Brownings and Dickens. Jean Hippolyte Michon coined the term graphology in 1875. Michon systematized handwriting analysis by associating hundreds of graphic signs with specific personality traits.Around the scrap of the century, the French psychologist Alfred Binet performed several experiments with handwriting analysis as a device for testing personality. Binet claimed that handwriting experts could distinguish successful from unsuccessful persons with high accuracy. The German enlighten of handwriting analysis, led by Ludwig Klages, developed a subjective and esoteric approach to graphology, an d apparently never even attempted experimental verification of its claims. in that respect is today no single theory or method that dominates graphology. The French school concentrated on isolated signs as specific indicators of personality, and the Germans sought to muddle subjective interpretations based on a total impression of a persons handwriting. In 1929 M. N. Bunker founded graphoanalysis as a compromise between these two peak positions The language and techniques of graphoanalysis seem to be more or less the common graphological practice in the United States today. (Bunker 1971). Bunker founded the International Graphoanalysis Society, which now offers an 18-month correspondence physique for analysts. The society is based in Chicago and claims 10,000 active members. The Institute of Graphological Science in Dallas also offers courses and accreditation in graphology, but it is not affiliated with the Graphoanalysis Society. Unless indicated otherwise, I leave behind use the term graphologist to refer to a practitioner of any school of handwriting analysis for personality assessment.Graphological techniqueEven though in that location is no canonical school of graphology, some discussion of the practice may be helpful. Remember that the basic assumption underlying graphology is that handwriting is an expression of the personality hence, a systematic analysis of the way a person forms words and garner will reveal traits of personality. The graphologists are fond of repeating, Handwriting is brain writing.Graphologists realize for such features as the slant of characters, the size of individual letters, angularity and curvature, and such non-graphic features as the pressure of upward and downward strokes. In most systems, the slant of the letters is very important.