Water From Hydrofracking Processes Walnut Shell Filter...

Treatment of Produced Water from Hydrofracking Processes: Walnut Shell Filter as a Leading Technology Is’haq Al Kindi University of California, Riverside, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA Abstract Wastewater in the oil and gas industry is a challenging issue. Oil and gas processes such as hydraulic fracturing consume too much water that translate into wastewater and has to be properly treated. This paper reviews the main contaminants of concern and their concentrations. It also provides a guideline of the target treatment for each contaminant in order to reuse in the same industrial field and a justification for each criteria. Suggested treatment methods and operations to reach the target treatment are presented as well, with a focus on the Walnut Shell Filter as a leading technology in the treatment of wastewater in the oil industry. The WSF was found to be the best method to treat petroleum hydrocarbons, and a centralized on-site treatment facility was the best strategy to resolve the issue of managing wastewater in remote oil and gas locations. What is hydraulic fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracking, or simply fracking, is a process in the oil and gas industry where an excessive amount of water is injected into the wellhead under high pressure in order to break the rock formation that contains oil and gas [18]. Those rocks are called shale rocks and they have trapped oil and gas particles

George Washing Compared to John Adams - 1644 Words

Compare and Contrast Washington’s administration with the administration of John Adams Between the years of 1789 – 1800, there were two people given the job of being the President of these United States of America, George Washington, the first president, and John Adams, the second president. Between the years of 1789 – 1800, the United States of America was a very young country who was searching for its identity, a leader, and an economic basis on which to run the country. Before, 1789, when George Washington took office, the Constitution of the United States was a very new document. It had just been ratified 1 year earlier, which meant that the Articles of Confederation, which ruled the country between the years 1783 – 1788, was thrown†¦show more content†¦These acts increased the time required for a person to become a citizen from 5 years in the nation to 14 years. Next, the Alien act which allowed the President to either imprison or deport any â€Å"alien† whom he deemed to be a danger to our national security. This sounds familiar doesn’t it, well that is because it is exactly like the Patriot Act that was passed right after September 11, 2001. Than following the passing of these laws and the XYZ affair, America almost went to war with France which prompted the Adam’s administration to raise taxes. During Washington’s administration, we see that only out of necessity were taxes raised so that the country would not drown in red ink like we are today. Adam’s increased taxes by enacting a new stamp tax and a house tax. These new taxes brought a great deal of unrest among the people because they believe that the taxes were being used to create a standing army, not to send them overseas to France. This brought about a revolt in Pennsylvania where the leaders were arrested and tried for treason. We see that Adam’s and Washington had very different approaches on how to deal with domestic policy and how their administration should handle any situations. We see during the Whiskey Rebellion that when Washington came to break it up, nobody was around and the people who were caught were pardoned almost immediately which is unlike during Adam’s administration where the people who revoltedShow MoreRelatedWomen in Colonial America1842 Words   |  8 Pagesas a â€Å"Garden of Eden† to Queen Elizabeth thus convincing the Queen of Roanoke’s many opportunities and beautiful vista. In 1585, the first settlement attempt (and failure) at Roanoke was made by Richard Grenville and Ralph Lane. This was followed by John White’s settlement, later to become known as â€Å"The Lost Colony† . After two failing attempts of colonizing America the English finally proved successful. 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The Federal Bureau Of Investigation Essay - 885 Words

Introduction The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) originated on July 26, 1908, as the Bureau of Investigation by U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. In 1935 the name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Director Mueller reconstructed the FBI to support the changes the Bureau made â€Å"to meet newly articulated strategic priorities† from 2001 to 2013 (Brief History).On September 4, 2013, James B. Comey was sworn in as the seventh Director of the FBI. The main focus of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is to prevent terrorist attacks against the United States. The Federal Bureau of Investigation enforces and carries out the criminal laws of the United States. â€Å"The mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and inter national agencies and partners† (Quick Facts). The Federal Bureau of Investigation is an intelligent, driven, and threat-focused organization that serves to protect the nation. The Federal Bureau of Investigation plays an important role in the United States. Currently the Federal Bureau of Investigation has more than 200 violation categories of federal law. It defends the United States against terrorism, public corruption, cyber-crime, counterintelligence, civil rights, and organized crime. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Bureau Of Investigation890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) originated on July 26, 1908, as the Bureau of Investigation by U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. In 1935 the name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Director Mueller reconstructed the FBI to support the changes the Bureau made â€Å"to meet newly articulated strategic priorities† from 2001 to 2013 (Brief History, 2010). On September 4, 2013, James B. Comey was sworn in as the seventh Director of the FBI. The main focus of the Federal BureauRead MoreThe Federal Bureau Of Investigation921 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States government, specifically the Federal Bureau of Investigation was in a dispute with the technology company Apple. The FBI seized the iPhone of Syed Farook who along with his wife Tasfeen Malik killed 14 people and injured 22. Farook and his wife were then killed in a shootout with the police. 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Agricultural RandD Innovation Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Agricultural RandD Innovation Systems. Answer: Introduction Australian industry is one of the most agriculture intensive industries comparing with the global agriculture market. Victoria is dominant in dairy and herd production. The evolution of technology has served them well and their productivity has increased since last three decades (Klerkx and Nettle, 2013). The small farmers were able to generate the derivative products of milk and supported to the revenue that every individual state made in the following years. According to the dairy situation and outlook report on 2017 the farmers have produced 700 million fewer litters of milk due to a huge crisis that have hit the whole Australia in the last year (Sorensen, 2011). However, the consumption of the branded products has not lessened. Victoria being the centre of production has seen 9% growth in the full cream milk production (Klerkx and Nettle, 2013). Whereas Australia accounts for an approximate 2% of the worlds milk production, it is a noteworthy exporter of dairy merchandise (Regula tions, 2013). The Australian dairy industry was significantly challenged by deregulation, droughts and the financial crisis. However, the industry has also been seen to to adapt to difficult situations through sharing its view of the challenges and opportunities and with collective action. One crucial feature for their success now would be the policy control of the environmental factors, which is an important role in accordance with the industry to adapt in the future and further develop. The Australian Dairy industry is a fully established industry and some subtropical areas of Australia is also rich in giving supply to its customers. Even though most of the countrys milk production takes place in south?east seaboard parts states, all states have separate dairy farms that supply fresh drinking milk to close by cities and towns. Australian milk production has been steadily increasing with the demand and modified derivative product of milk. Fresh milk, butter, cheese, milk powders, whey products and casein (Sorensen, 2011). International market The New Zealand statistics shows that, they are one among the key industries in the dairy production (Klerkx and Nettle, 2013). The organization is able to satisfy the thirst of the country and whole worlds demand of milk and its side products. The small shelf life of milk means that Australias export percentage of fresh milk is partial mainly to UHT product. Around 80% of Australias fresh milk exports goes to Asia with a further 15% intended for the Pacific region (Regulations, 2013). The cheese industry itself exports to 50% of the domestic production. This industry itself is a predominantly developed in the national region. The Skimmed milk powder and the whole milk powder accounts to 80% of the National dairy herd 1.6 million Average herd size 220 cows National milk production 9 billion litres Dairy workforce 40,000*2.5 New Zealand - the major competitor of Australia is one of the most aggressive seller in the international market. Total number of herds 11,918 Average herd size 419 Number of cows 5 million Effective hectares in production New Zealand 1.8 million Milk processed by dairy companies 21.0 billion litres(2015-2016) International trade scenario The dairy research and development of organisations major contributor is federal government. The trade policy is in the industry is favourable for the industry. The three core business objectives in the dairy planning cycle is escalating farm productivity, maintain and develop value-added service, channels, products, high-margin and others. Promote and protect the unique profit of Australian dairy industry. ADF is formed by Australian farmers organisation and there is the help the small farmers get from non-profit organisations (Regulations, 2013). Southeast Asian market is Australias largest export oriented market. Stipulation from this market has led to a 33% enhanced in international dairy and its derivatives consumption in the last decade(Grace and Lennie, 2012). Even though there are hurdles to give services and sell in this market, the Ausis are confident enough that demand expansion is high. It is implied that economic prosperity and higher education enabled system will spread s all through the core region and there will be steady escalation in demand. The China, Africa, and Middle East are the one among the major exporters of the dairy products and consume the major percentage of the products (Grace and Lennie, 2012). The Australian market has strength in the domestic market and furthermore, they are milks multinational value increment (Sorensen, 2011). The derivatives of the main product are also capturing the completely international market competing with the value-addition and prospective consumption market percentage (Nettle, Paine and Penry, 2010). However, the trade regulations of the industry have to face some highly contingency factors. This includes the China and Middle Easts production and expansion in the regarding instruction (Nettle, Paine and Penry, 2010). The Neighbouring countries production and their strong economic condition can be highly competitive in the recent years inferred from the above table. Europeans balance and protectionist has long since given headache to the trade enablers in the international market. Their products are facing headed competition with the former dairy market leaders (Grace and Lennie, 2012). The prices of the products are also volatile because of dynamic supply-demand ration working in the industry. Export share of trade EU 32% New Zealand 35% Australia 10% USA 7% Argentina 4% Ukraine 2% Uruguay 1% Other 9% Milk and its derivative products life cycle The most consumption is in the fresh milk sector and the stage is by drinking (Nettle, Brightling and Hope, 2013). The drinking milk, butter, cheese, yogurt are the majorly consumed product among the country the statistics of per capita is given below. Commodity Consumption(per capita/annum) Milk 102 litres Cheese 13kg Butter 4 kg Yogurt 7 kg South East Asia 30% Japan 19% America 5% Africa 4% Middle east 10% Europe 2% Other Asia 24% Competition Internal value chain analysis Australian dairy industrys largest producer was Victoria accounting for supplying 60% of the national milk consumption (Backus, Eidman and Dijkhuizen, 2012). The Southern, Central, Coastal NSW Dairy industry produces diverse milk production as they have land grass and fodder growing areas (Edwards, 2003). The market influences are one among the major factor for fresh milk production. The processor authority prefers local and reliably produced milk, which helps them in cost reduction and logistics handling. This region produces among the 741 million litres of milk and 8% of Australias production milk (Nettle, Brightling and Hope, 2013). The level of risk for adaptation and investment may affect production of milk. Second, major reformation is likely to be made at milk production stage in some challenging regions, which will in turn will affect on the current system and structure (Buys et al.2014). Third, the Emission Trading Scheme of the country, paired with a limited growth of production and increased ethical standards, everything have the potential headed for raising costs above competitors, and this may affect the competitiveness and price of Australian products (Von et al., 2013). Industry structure and regional strength The Gippsland dairy industry 2 billion (22%) Western Victoria dairy industry 2 billion (23%) Murray dairy industry 1.84 billion (20.5%) Southern dairy industry 620 million (7%) Tasmanian dairy industry 650 million (7%) Western Australian Dairy Industry 338 million litres(20.5%) Different innovative products like fresh dairy products and stream included drinking milk and othere customised products and dairy desserts. Specialised ingredients and whey proteins, SMP, BMP and WMP are high valued manufactured products (Von et al., 2013). There are also schemes, centres that helps people in the industry to operate efficiently. The Australian Dairy Herd Impovemnet Scheme, Dairy Extension Centre, Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre(CRC), Dairy Innovation Australia Limited, Department of primary history Victoria (Backus, Eidman and Dijkhuizen, 2012). The national bodies which helps in this are National Heritage trust, National landscape program, NSW department and primary Industries, Tasmanian Institute and Heritage trust are one of the major investor in the innovation program and dynamic strategy faces challenges in the regarding Industry(Gourley et al., 2012). There are many challenges that the manufacturing industry faces in the production procedure. The volatility of the supply and demand market and customers preference in the different products. The global crisis on 2008-2009 has been the most difficult period for the Industry (Bethune et al. 2004). However, the prices of the products have come down due to the consumption pattern changes and outlook of retail stages have gone down due to the competitiveness of the food safety (Edwards, 2003). In addition there is a decline in inflationary pressure, that additionally benefits the selling of dairy products. Strengths and weakness Opportunities and threats of the industry As the historical data suggest that the dairy industry have grown in the last three decades they have incorporated efficient production methods The position of this industry is strong in the export market and have seen steady growth of 9% (Gourley et al., 2012). The Australian industry is one of the major exporters, as in third largest exporter on milk and its derivative products. The industry also have a backup of investors willing to contribute in the research and development in dairy manufacturing and value added products, as well as the packaging and customising the products (Bethune et al. 2004). The weakness is seen to be in the demand factor. The domestic market of the industry faces the volatility of climate. The agricultural sector has always been prone to volatility of climate change factors. The retail sell and wholesale industry of milk faces a major problem of having shelf life of the products. Policy uncertainty of the trade practises has been one of the major weaknesses of the industry. Management of production risk less Demand of all Australian milk products in Asia Greater efficiency scale of the industry The production cost Climate change in agricultural business Porters values chain analysis Barriers to entry the Australian diary industry has been strong since 1989 revolution in the industry (Soliman, 2000). However, the recent crisis in the milk production of the industry and shortage in the production has lead to crisis in the international market reputation. The domestic industry factors are strong to retaliate against (Gourley et al., 2012). Therefore, the risk to entry of global competitors is less. Threat of rival - the major threat in the industry is the water availability in the agro-cultivated land but the industry is facing certain policy related problem on the state of Victoria. The other industries are there to give competition to this industry in this matter. The deregulation of this industry has left some uncertainty in the boar (Buys et l.2014). The rationalisation of this industry has left the core efficient producers weak to international competitors vulnerable and heavily subsided. The main competitors of this industry are China and Africa. Threat of substitute the products itself does not have good substitute. However, the competitors pose a challenge in building the good substitute brand for the company. Threat of supplier The supplier market is dominative in this particular industry. The suppliers have different board of co-operation and back up of having investments from the government subsidiary bodies (Grace and Lennie, 2012). The total industry is private and deregulated in Australia. Threat of customers -the risk in threat of customers is less than any other industry. The customers are less prone to go to other products than the fresh produce of the domestic companies (Nettle, Brightling and Hope, 2013). However, the global competitors dairy products and their innovative products may inherit a threat to competitors. Conclusion The Australian dairy industry is certainly a self-sufficient and competitive enough in the global context. There is direct employment in the region of Australia for around 40,000 people and additional downstream processing. This industry is one of Australias major industries that contribute to the economic development. Australia ranks third in terms of global dairy trade with 10% share of world dairy export followed by New Zealand and the European Union. In response to these discussed challenges, a variety of strategies well as actions and plan have been redirected or executed by the industry in respect to the industrys production systems, response to environmental change and natural resource management, and market access. In a nutshell, the Australian dairy industry has faced significant challenges like deregulation, droughts and the financial crisis. However, the industry has also demonstrated its ability to adapt to difficult situations through sharing its view of the challenges a nd opportunities and addressing these challenges with collective action. Reference Abs.gov.au. 2017.1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2004. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B006A83A9127B0F5CA256DEA00053965?Open [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. https://www.pwc.com.au/industry/agribusiness/assets/australian-dairy-industry-nov11.pdf [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Backus, G.B.C., Eidman, V.R. and Dijkhuizen, A.A., 2012. Farm decision making under risk and uncertainty.NJAS wageningen journal of life sciences,45(2), pp.307-328. Bethune, M. and Armstrong, D.P., 2004. Overview of the irrigated dairy industry in Australia.Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,44(2), pp.127-129. Buys, L., Mengersen, K., Johnson, S., van Buuren, N. and Chauvin, A., 2014. Creating a Sustainability Scorecard as a predictive tool for measuring the complex social, economic and environmental impacts of industries, a case study: Assessing the viability and sustainability of the dairy industry.Journal of environmental management,133, pp.184-192. Edwards, G., 2003. The story of deregulation in the dairy industry.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,47(1), pp.75-98. Gourley, C.J., Dougherty, W.J., Weaver, D.M., Aarons, S.R., Awty, I.M., Gibson, D.M., Hannah, M.C., Smith, A.P. and Peverill, K.I., 2012. Farm-scale nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur balances and use efficiencies on Australian dairy farms.Animal Production Science,52(10), pp.929-944. Grace, M. and Lennie, J., 2012. Constructing and reconstructing rural women in Australia: The politics of change, diversity and identity.Sociologia Ruralis,38(3), pp.351-370. Klerkx, L. and Nettle, R., 2013. Achievements and challenges of innovation co-production support initiatives in the Australian and Dutch dairy sectors: a comparative study.Food Policy,40, pp.74-89. Klerkx, L. and Nettle, R., 2013. Achievements and challenges of innovation co-production support initiatives in the Australian and Dutch dairy sectors: a comparative study.Food Policy,40, pp.74-89. Nettle, R., Brightling, P. and Hope, A., 2013. How programme teams progress agricultural innovation in the Australian dairy industry.The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,19(3), pp.271-290. Nettle, R., Brightling, P. and Hope, A., 2013. How programme teams progress agricultural innovation in the Australian dairy industry.The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,19(3), pp.271-290. Nettle, R., Paine, M. and Penry, J., 2010. Aligning farm decision making and genetic information systems to improve animal production: methodology and findings from the Australian dairy industry.Animal Production Science,50(6), pp.429-434. Regulations, P., 2013. Australian Dairy Industry. Soliman, F., 2000. Application of knowledge management for hazard analysis in the Australian dairy industry.Journal of Knowledge Management,4(4), pp.287-294. Sorensen, T., 2011. Australian agricultural RD and innovation systems.International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy,7(1-3), pp.192-212. Von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Martin, N.P., Kebreab, E., Knowlton, K.F., Grant, R.J., Stephenson, M., Sniffen, C.J., Harner, J.P., Wright, A.D. and Smith, S.I., 2013. Invited review: Sustainability of the US dairy industry.Journal of dairy science,96(9), pp.5405-5425.

Black Face Essay Research Paper Black FaceIn free essay sample

Black Face Essay, Research Paper Black Face In Response to the film I have a batch of affairs to notice on. I was fortunate plenty to be semi-educated on the subject of # 8220 ; Black Face # 8221 ; and racist advertisement prior to the picture. Therefore, the film served as a thorough review of the information that I discovered antecedently. One thing I can non get down to understand about this clip period is the figure of African Americans who participated in these films that degraded our people. I besides have a job with the continuance of the stereotypes of old every bit good as the upholding of the inactive attitude towards these take downing representations of our people. This movie brought me to the realisation that it is up to our coevals to change by reversal all of this # 8220 ; nonsense # 8221 ; and transfuse in our seeds the true significance and kernel of what it is to be Black and Proud. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Face Essay Research Paper Black FaceIn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was shocked to happen out by manner of earlier research, every bit good as by recent observation of the movie, about the figure of African Americans who participated in the # 8220 ; Black Face Era # 8221 ; along with Whites. In his lone known essay, # 8220 ; The Comic Side of Trouble, # 8221 ; Bert Williams wrote, # 8220 ; I have neer been able to detect anything scandalous in being a colored adult male. But I have frequently found it inconvenient # 8211 ; in America. # 8221 ; David Krasner # 8217 ; s book Resistance, Parody, and Double Consciousness in African-American Theatre, 1895-1910, explores how Blacks who wrote and performed in musicals at the bend of the century dealt with the incommodiousness in their productions through elusive and not-so-subtle lines and modus operandis. Sing the film truly disturbed me in that by our take parting in Nineteenth-Century Blackface Minstrelsy we did nil but gave truth to the stereotypes that whites handed to us. How could we, the p osterities of African Kings and Queens volitionally take part in productions entitled Two Real Coons, Jes Lak White F # 8217 ; lks, The Cannibal King, and Bandanna Land? I have yet to understand. It seems to me that we were brought out of bondage and into bondage. The presentation of bondage in a different signifier is what was destructing our people so and is portion of the pit of our coevals now. We, particularly immature people, someplace along the line were told to accept things the manner they are. The really same merchandises that one time dishonored us, we deem to be OK. For illustration Aunt Jemame pancake sirup ; although the face on the bottle has been changed to one of beauty, the rule is still at that place. I can retrieve as a kid watching the Warner Brothers sketchs with bugs bunny where they show these barbarous people with castanetss in there olfactory organs, populating like animate beings when it was the white adult male who descended from the cave. Never so did I halt to believe that behind the laughter these barbarian people had skin and hair like my ain. The image of the black mammy, large, black and fat, besides comes to mind in my childhood from watching these same sketchs. These are the visions being given to our people even in our coevals 100s of old ages after bondage. All of the subjects in the movie such as Black is Ugly, Blacks are Savage and that Blacks are Happy Servants are being fed to our people even today. It is to the point now where we believe these stereotypes to be true and frequently enforce them on each other. In the words of the great Dr. Martin Luther King, # 8220 ; I do believe we shall get the better of someday # 8221 ; , but non without battle and attempt. My coevals holds the power in our custodies to do history by altering the hereafter. No longer d owe have to play the character of Sambo, Uncle Remus or the Pica nine ; even though some of us do. This behaviour is non ok. We will non accept a lower place in society. Nikki Giovanni one time told me that, # 8220 ; Black Love is Black Wealth # 8221 ; and after seeing the movie that statement takes on a new significance to me. Not merely until we love ourselves to the full and unconditionally will we boom as a race, as a people. The wealth is in our felicity, our freedom, our pride, and our independency. Lashkar-e-taibas take control of our lives in an effort to demo our kids the true significance of Black pride.

Seperation of a Mixture Lab Report Essays

Seperation of a Mixture Lab Report Essays Seperation of a Mixture Lab Report Paper Seperation of a Mixture Lab Report Paper In order to operate the iron from the mixture, take a bar magnet inside of a Copilot bag, and swirl it through the mixture. 5. The iron will stick to the magnet, and lift the magnet out of the mixture. All iron in the mixture should be on the magnet. 6. The iron taken out of the mixture is then measured to find the mass of the retrieved iron. 7. Next, the salt will be separated from the mixture. In order to do this, a ring stand must be set up with an iron ring and a glass funnel. Take a piece of filter paper and fold it as demonstrated by Mrs Monotone, and place it in the funnel. 8. Place a mall beaker under the funnel for the filtered water. 9. Put the remaining mixture in the funnel. 10. Pour some water in a beaker, record the amount of water and pour it in the funnel. The mixture will begin to filter and drain the salt, leaving behind the sand. More water may need to be added depending on if the salt particles are fully dissolved or not. 11. The sand has been recovered. Take the filter paper, unfold it, weigh its mass, and place it in the chemical oven to dry before measuring. 12. While the sand is in the chemical oven, take a hot plate, and place the beaker tit the filtered salt water on the hot plate. The water will begin to boil, and eventually, the salt will be clearly visible and separated. 13. Once the salt is fully dried out, and no water remains in the beaker, remove the beaker with tongs for it will be extremely hot. Measure the beaker with the salt in it and subtract the original mass of the mall beaker to find the mass of the recovered salt. 14. The sand should be dry by now. Take the sand on the filter paper out of the chemical oven with extreme caution, place it on the scale, measure its mass, and then abduct the original mass of the filter paper in order to find the mass of the recovered sand. 15. The mixture is now separated into the three substances of sand, salt, and iron. Scientific Background: In order to complete this lab report, the following concepts must be understood. First, the difference between a mixture and a pure substance. A mixture is two or more pure substances combined, that keep their separate chemical identities and properties. The amounts of each pure substance in a mixture can change therefore the physical properties of a mixture depend on its composition, ND the composition of a pure substance is constant giving pure substances characteristic physical properties that do not change. Physical properties that are used to describe pure substances include solubility, magnetism, and boiling point, which are all characteristics used in this lab. The next concept is physical changes. Physical changes separate the components of a mixture, such as separating the iron, sand, and salt in this lab. Physical changes that can be used to separate mixtures include filtration, evaporation, and distillation. Mass recent composition is a way to express the real composition of a mixture by the amount of each component. In order to do this, the substances must be separated quantitatively. Lastly, percent yield which describes the efficiency of the recovery operation is calculated to separate the mixture. (Handout) Observations: The observations for this lab are as follows: The original mixture is a brownish color, and the difference between the different substances can easily be determined by sight. When the water was poured into the mixture of sand and salt during the filtration process, the altered water was coming through slowly in large drops. During the filtration process, the salt seemed to not be dissolving as quickly as thought, and more water was needed. When the salt water was being boiled, all of the sudden the water turned into what looked like foam and the salt started popping. When the sand was taken out of the chemical oven, salt particles that had not been dissolved were found on the bottom of the filter paper. The iron had a high magnetism, while sand and salt had none at all. The salt had a high solubility in water while the sand did not. The physica l appearance of the iron resembled rough tiny little black hairs. Data: The data for this lab is from data table B, as well as answers to post-lab questions 6 and 7. Data Table B: Separation of a Mixture: Mass of Original Mixture: 2. Egg Mass of Recovered Iron: . G Mass of Recovered Salt: . Egg Mass of Recovered Sand: . Egg Total Mass of Recovered Solids: 2. Egg Post-Lab Questions: 6. Mass percentage of salt: Mass percentage of sand: 46% Mass percentage of iron: 17% 7. Percent yield for salt = 46% Percent yield for sand = 47% Percent yield for iron = 29% Conclusion: Results: In this lab, the largest amount of recovered solids was the sand. The smallest amount of recovered solids was the iron. The total mass of recovered solids was greater than the original mixtures mass. Disunion: During this lab a mixture of the pure substances salt, iron, and sand were separated by different ways of physical change. The physical changes used in this lab report were filtration, evaporation, and distillation. The physical properties used in this lab report were magnetism, solubility, and boiling point. Error: The total mass of recovered solids was greater than the original mixtures ass. This could be because of inaccurate math or measurements. Also it was observed that in the chemical oven. Other ways that this lab could have obtained more accurate results would be using hot water during the filtration process instead of cold water. The hot water would most likely help to dissolve the tougher salt particles. The same filter paper used during lab was not the same filter paper that was measured for mass. This could have affected the ending result of mass of recovered sand, because the filter paper used could have been a different mass than the filter paper actually weighed.

Los Angeles in the 30's & 40's versus today Essay

Los Angeles in the 30's & 40's versus today - Essay Example Although LAX is currently a world renowned airport, it wasn’t always the center of attention. Prior to its inception, the primary airports for Los Angeles were Burbank and Grand Central Airport in Glendale. It wasn’t until 1946 that they started serving LAX, because it was just too far out of the way. At that time, it was located east of Sepulveda Boulevard, which ended up being rerouted to the west to loop around the new runways that were created in 1950. Nowadays, LAX is considered one of the busiest airports in the world, with nearly 60 million passengers using the airport each year. They also have a dual function as a civil-military base, providing the U. S. Coast Guard an area to launch, operate and repair their HH-65 Dolphin helicopters. (Delta Mike Airfield, 2008). Although the birth of LAX is a notable part of history in L.A., it was only the beginning of many not-so-good firsts for the city. In 1934, Upton Sinclair decided to run for the governor’s seat of California. He was a famous writer and activist, but he was also a socialist who happened to be California’s first celebrity politician. It gave birth to smear politics on a grand scale. Sinclair easily gained the Democratic primary for governor, after which the L. A. Times criticized his â€Å"maggot-like horde† of supporters (Huffington Post, 2008), while others warned that if elected, the state would become communist. This realization ignited an all-out political revolution. With help from Hollywood and the papers, Sinclair’s opposition practically invented the modern media campaign. They made unparalleled use of mail, radio, film, fund raising and opinion polls to create the most astounding smear campaign ever seen. The best was the new ability to manipulate film, using fake newsreels with Hollywood actors to destroy Sinclair’s candidacy. The L.A. Times had attacked Sinclair unmercifully for weeks, which ultimately destroyed his chances. President Roosevelt couldn’t do anything to help him as he was barely into his New Deal and was struggling himself. He couldn’t endorse him, because he would be seen as endorsing socialism, but on the same token, if he didn’t endorse him, others would call him cowardly for not endorsing a candidate of his party. With FDR’s refusal to endorse him, and the fake newsreels hit the big screen, current Governor Merriam won his re-election. This was the precursor to a variety of things that we now have in use across the country. Sinclair is credited with helping with inspiration to many of FDR’s New Deal programs, including Social Security and certainly was the first victim of smear campaigning and dirty politics. Today, when we have any election forthcoming, all of the newspapers, radio stations and television stations carry smear ads, one party against the other to convince us that the skeletons in the other parties’ closets outweigh their own. It’s odd to think that this all started with a well-known author who wanted to run for Governor of California. His muckraking books got the best of him, as while he was for FDR’s New Deal, he also led a movement called EPIC (End Poverty in California), the platform on which he was running for Governor. This also helped to move the Democratic Party further to the left where they continue to be today. Most Californians have at